## 3.7 Resilience

### 3.7.1 Promote cool surfaces to reduce heat island effect

Thermal infrared (left) and visible (right) images of a road with light and dark segments. The infrared image shows that the light segment (bottom) is about 17 degrees Celsius (30 degrees Fahrenheit) cooler than the dark segment (top). Source: Berkeley Lab

Location New York City, NY
Details Rather than using dark pavements, which attract 80-95% of sunlight, solar reflective “cool” pavements have increased reflectance. They typically use a reflective or clear binder, or a reflective surface coating.
Berkeley Lab
Implementation Costs & Impact Factor CoolSeal costs between $0.30 to$0.40 per square foot. Albedo increases lead to a reduction of outdoor air temperatures by 0.2 to 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit. In California cities with a lot of air conditioning, the savings of air conditioning energy due to lowered air temperature is up to 1 kWh ($0.60) per year per sq.m. of pavement modified. The avoided CO2 is valued at less than a penny a year per sq.m. Lower surface air temperature reduces ground level ozone. Scalable Potential Downtown Stockton could benefit from a set of public and private initiatives to retrofit existing commercial roofs and ground surfaces. Similar SMUD Cool Roof Rebate ### 3.7.2 Promote permeable pavement to increase groundwater absorption Source: City of Melbourne Location Madison, WI Details Permeable pavement is a form of pavement that is highly porous pavement that allows rainwater to pass through it and into the ground. In addition to reducing surface runoff, it can trap suspended solids, thereby filtering stormwater. This also reduces peak discharge rates, meaning that flooding is more controlled. It is, however, most appropriate for sidewalks/pedestrian areas and low-speed driving areas. Links USGS Implementation Costs & Impact Factor$4.00-$6.00 per square foot. Read more here. Scalable Potential Stockton could identify low-lying areas that frequently flood and prioritize permeable pavement as part of regularly scheduled maintenance. Similar SF Permeable Sidewalks ### 3.7.3 Reclaim urban streams and rivers to increase groundwater absorption and filtration Source: Earth Economics Location Greenville County, SC Details Reclaiming urban streams and rivers helps to restore the watercycle back to its natural processes. This helps to restore groundwater recharge, as well as natural water filtration processes. From an environmental perspective, it restores sensitive natural habitats. Links Earth Economics Implementation Costs & Impact Factor$28 to $129 per foot. Benefits: reduction in sediment removal ($2.76 per ton to manually remove); green space increases property values by up to 49% as properties change hands; contingent valuation varies from $10.83 to$270.40 per capita.
Scalable Potential There are a number of waterways through Stockton that could be opportunities for proactive reclamation, given that FEMA and U.S. Army Corps guidelines do not yet fully factor in the science on climate change impacts on precipitation patterns.

### 3.7.4 Use green infrastructure to improve stormwater management

Source: Rain Guardians

Location San Francisco, CA
Details Green Infrastructure is a method of reducing stormwater and pollution burden from stormwater systems. It does this through the creation of micro urban watersheds that have the potential to decrease erosion, improve air quality, increase land value, and reduce urban heat effects (thereby also reducing cooling loads).
Implementation Costs & Impact Factor Contingent upon site. See table.
Scalable Potential There are several key risks to Stockton’s water quality, most of which are tied to Stockton historic and present manufacturing activities. The Sharpe Army Depot and McCormick & Baxter Creosoting Company are both listed on the Environmental Protection Agencies National Priorities List, indicating they are a high priority superfund site. The EPA has identified additional sites of concern including Stockton Iron Works, Colberg Boat Works, Norge Cleaning Village, and Brea Agricultural Services. Two additonal sites, Stockton Naval Communications Station and the General Services Administration, are both located at the Naval Supply Center at Rough and Ready Island. As a result of these sites, as well as agricultural run-off and other sources, Stockton has elevated levels of Arsenic that are, on average, 4.5 times higher than recommended levels. Read more.
Similar Hunts Point, NY
NE Siskiyou Green Street, Portland, OR
Caltrans
Tres Rios Demonstration Constructed Wetlands, Phoenix
Oakland Green Stormwater Spine